Gold Mining Process for Narrow Tabular Ore Bodies
Posted in Petroleum Oil with tags petroleum, petroleum coke, petroleum company, petroleum engineering, petroleum gas, petroleum industry, Petroleum Oil, petroleum production, petroleum products, petroleum refinery, petroleum refining, pipeline petroleum on December 16, 2009 by lloydholder1961Buzz Aldrin was scheduled for a phone interview on the Friday, June 8, 2007, edition of Your World with Neil Cavuto on the Fox News cable channel. Originally booked to talk about the latest space shuttle launch, he suddenly found himself being asked about Paris Hilton and had some very interesting things to say. Friday, June 8, 2007, should have been a big news day. A former Preacher's Wife was sentenced to three years in prison for shooting her husband in the back while he slept. A Tax Protestor couple in New Hampshire discovered what happens when you challenge the authority of people you elect to office: You get state police and an army of federal troops with tanks and federal agents with submachine guns at your door.
First, I was laid off. Trying to claim state benefits from the NY Department of Labor could only be described as a Kafkaesque nightmare. The websites and phone systems broke down regularly as the sea of jobless New Yorkers swelled. It took me over three days on the 'help line' to get through to another living, breathing human being. Next, I received a threatening letter calling me in for obligatory 'career counseling.' If I didn't attend this crucial session my benefits would be terminated.
At the office in downtown Brooklyn, I came face-to-face with a frowning woman sitting at the front desk. It was clear she didn't like her job or human interaction of any kind. Without eye contact, she thrust a form in my hand saying vaguely, “Take a seat.” I had no idea what I was waiting for or how long it would be. The cloud of dust in the air was probably responsible for the foul moods and general malaise. With the unprecedented crush of newly jobless New Yorkers, the offices badly needed an upgrade and an infusion of positive energy. The latest numbers now show 15.4 million Americans collecting unemployment benefits, a 25-year high–400,000 of them from New York State. I figured the least they could do was give the office a fresh coat of paint to offer some small semblance of hope.
As I daydreamed painting the walls red, a woman appeared. She was a vibrant black woman with a head of tightly-rolled curls radiating around her smiling face. She wore a vermillion sweater with a draping cowl neck and enormous gold earrings. This woman is in charge, I thought to myself. At that moment, I decided I wanted to be in her workshop. She instructed all of us to stand up. I was told to report to classroom number 3.
Like all the others, Room 3 was dreary and comfortless. It didn't take long for the small space to crowd with people; a sporty young man with a backpack, a polished lady with a briefcase, and a middle-aged matron passed by. We were a wildly diverse mix, but we all had the same expression plastered on our faces–a mixture of fear and dread.
The vibrant woman reappeared like a magic trick. Her electric presence crackled, filling the deadened room with life. She spoke intimately, almost conspiratorially, telling us her name, Melony. Melony closed the door, saying she needed her privacy to speak freely. She continued, “I have my own way of doing things that are a little different than other people in the NY Department of Labor offices. At 52, I've had countless jobs over the years. I know what you are going through. I've sat where you are sitting now. And I know how difficult it can be when you lose your employment: especially in these trying economic times. But I just want you all to know that at this moment you have an opportunity to redefine yourself. Please, use this time to clarify your dreams.”
She had our attention. “I also want to offer you all a little advice; Treat everyone you meet as positively as you can, and magic things will happen.”
“Every day,” she said, “I go to the same convenience store to get a coffee. The owner of the shop and I have become friends. Just before the holidays, I stopped by his store. He reached behind the counter and said, “I have something for you, don't open it until Christmas.” I took his mysterious package, thanked him and wished him 'Happy Holidays.' Both of us were spending the holidays alone, far from our families. His were thousands of miles away in the Middle East, while mine were in Pittsburgh.”
“I headed over to the post office to get the mail that I had been looking forward to receiving all week. When I arrived, I found that it was closed. I returned home sad that, not only would I not see my family, I would also not have any of their presents to open. When I got home, I remembered the shop owner and his mysterious gift. Inside, I found an elegant box. On Christmas, I opened the lid, and found a sparkling silver bracelet with a pendant that said 'Mom.' The homesick shop owner had started calling me that recently. I was so touched by this gift because I had never been able to have any children of my own. His gift was also the only one I received that Christmas, and for that reason it was all the more special.” She smiled and held up her wrist and jangling silver bracelet.
Touched by her story, an embarrassing trickle started streaming down my face. She noticed it and looked at me with motherly concern. Sitting in classroom number 3, I was simply overwhelmed by the unexpected warmth of her spirit. It radiated through the bleak room and penetrated the souls of all us weary people.
On the way out, she mentioned she was a writer, and that one of her essays was about to be published. I helped myself to a photocopy she made available to whoever was interested. She gave me a hug and wished me luck. On the subway home, I retrieved her essay and noticed she used a pen name; Miss Mellie Rainbow. I laughed and thought how fitting it was. Amidst the hopeless doom of the unemployment offices she had emerged from the darkness and dust like a walking ray of light.
nfl jerseys cheap,
mlb jerseys cheap
Introduction to the Gold Mining Process for Tabular Ore Bodies
There are a number of different methodologies used to conduct mining operations. One of these methods are discussed in this article.
The gold bearing ore is in situ in the reef band where it was deposited millions of years ago. It requiers drilled and blasted to free it from the country rock. According to Nell (1984:95) this process is called stoping. He defines stoping as:
the actual mining of ore by means of breaking ground in stopes to a size suitable for handling and processing for the recovery of the mineral content.
The breaking of the country rock includes drilling blast holes and blasting it. This is followed by cleaning, supporting and the providing of the infrastructure to the stope faces.
The provision of infrastructure includes the maintenance and managing of:
• in stope water and air services that is necessary for the drilling and dust allaying process
• travelling ways to and from the stope necessary for creating access ways for people and material
• scatter walls to contain the blast rock in a conveniently concentrated muck pile for the cleaning crew,
• material and people handling appliances including monorail, mono rope and chairlift devises
• double drum winches and scraper scoops for the moving of blasted rock
• pumping and pump installations to ensure sufficient water pressure and or clear out the accumulation of excess water from low lying areas.
• rail tracks for the locomotives and trains that transports workers, material and broken rock pover long horizontal distances underground.
• Safety devices that include tips and grizzlies to prevent inadvertent access of people down these near vertical excavations.
• Blasting equipment that includes remote blasting system cables and ventilation sensor equipment in the intake and return air passages.
• Ventilation systems that consists of various sizes of columns, temporary and permanent ventilation brattices, -walls, -holings and fans.
• Electricity and electric equipment required for the use during the mining process.
With reference to figure 1 a three dimensional mining layout of a typical gold mine can be viewed here. The figuredepicts the basic components, in three dimensions, used to explain the mining layout of a typical gold mine.
The broken ore is typically scraped on dip, down a 30 meter stope face into a strike gully, by means of a double drum winch and scraper scoop once it is blasted from the country rock.
Another double drum winch and scraper scoop is used to scrape the broken rock on strike to an orepass or boxhole, situated in the original raise. This boxhole can be situated up to 90 meters from the face where the blasting took place. The broken rock now cascades down this steeply inclined excavation (boxhole or orepass) to a crosscut on a lower level.
In the crosscut a train, normally with ten eight ton hoppers are used to transport the broken rock to the shaft. The shaft can be kilometres away from the point of mining. At the shaft the train tips it's cargo down the shaft orepass system, where it again cascades down to the shaft loading station near the bottom of the shaft. The broken rock are hoisted up a 2000 meter vertical shaft in rock skips with a typical capacity of 12 tons by means of a rock hoist to surface, in the case of a surface shaft, or to just above the loading station of the surface shaft in the case of a sub – shaft.
On surface the broken ore is transported to the metallurgy plant by means of a conveyor belt. In the metallurgy plant the ore is milled, screened, and chemically treated in order to allow separation of the gold from the gold bearing ore. The slime residue is pumped to a tailing dam and the gold concentrate is further treated. The gold concentrate is smelted and the 89% pure gold is poured into gold bars weighing about 31 kilograms each.
These gold bars are then transported to a Refinery where the silver is removed and the gold refined to 99.99% purity. It is this pure gold that is sold on the world gold markets.
© 2009 Carl Marx
